防御信号途径在B型烟粉虱取食烟草诱导抗蚜防御中的作用

B型烟粉虱取食能够诱导烟草产生对烟蚜的抗性反应,为了明确水杨酸和茉莉酸防御信号途径与烟粉虱诱导抗蚜防御之间的关系,采用生化分析、实时定量PCR、蚜虫生物活性测定等方法比较了烟粉虱若虫取食对烟草水杨酸、茉莉酸含量、通路下游防御基因表达水平的影响及外源水杨酸、茉莉酸对烟蚜生长发育的影响。结果显示：烟粉虱侵染能够显著激活水杨酸防御途径,在取食15天后,水杨酸水平较对照升高1.40倍,水杨酸下游防御基因PR-1a及PR-2a分别较对照升高3.22和0.74倍;然而烟粉虱侵染后烟草叶片茉莉酸含量与对照相比无显著变化,JA下游防御基因PI-II和TPI的转录水平分别较对照降低73.91%和56.73%。生测结果显示,外源施用水杨酸对烟蚜的存活率和相对平均生长率具有显著不利影响。烟草叶片施用1 mmol/L水杨酸后,蚜虫的存活率及相对生长率分别较对照降低43.2%和11.54%;然而喷施茉莉酸甲酯对蚜虫的生长发育无不利影响。上述结果表明,水杨酸介导的防御应答在B型烟粉虱取食诱导烟草的抗蚜防御中起重要作用。     

高职组电子产品设计与制作项目技能大赛的备赛策略探究

近年来，随着职业教育的不断发展，越来越多的高职院校开始加大对学生实践能力的提升，学校根据自身的特色制定出一系列的专业技能比赛机制并不断地将这种方式进行延伸，将参加省市级，甚至国家级技能大赛作为展示学校和学生优势的一个重要的形式，电子产品设计与制作项目技能大赛更是新阶段较为常见的技能大赛。文章主要针对电子产品设计与制作项目技能大赛的备赛策略进行一定的探究。     

涉农专业青年教师以竞赛为平台的专业成长有效途径研究

在信息技术飞速发展的当今社会,对教育工作者提出了越来越高的要求。在专业教师队伍中,青年教师已逐渐成为主体,而想要将这支年轻的队伍打造成一支中坚力量,成为师资队伍建设的重心,也是当今教育资源建设的一项重要任务。本文以涉农专业青年教师为研究的出发点和立足点,通过搭建各种竞赛平台,研究促进青年教师的专业成长的有效途径。     

Changes in the herbicide sensitivity and competitive ability of Abutilon theophrasti over 28 years: Implications for hormesis and weed evolution

BACKGROUND

The potential of weed species to respond to selection forces affecting the evolution of weedy traits such as competitive ability is poorly understood. This research characterized evolutionary growth changes in a single Abutilon theophrasti Medik. population comparing multiple generations collected from 1988 to 2016. A competition study was performed to understand changes in competitive ability, and a herbicide dose–response study was carried out to assess changes in sensitivity to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides and glyphosate over time.

RESULTS

When grown in monoculture, A. theophrasti biomass production per plant increased steadily across year-lines while leaf number decreased. In replacement experiments, A. theophrasti plants from newer year-lines were more competitive and produced more biomass and leaf area than the oldest year-line. No clear differences in sensitivity to imazamox were observed among year-lines. However, starting in 1995, this A. theophrasti population exhibited a progressive increase in growth in response to a sublethal dose of glyphosate (52 g a.e. ha⁻¹), with the 2009 and 2016 year-lines having more than 50% higher biomass than the nontreated control.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that weeds can rapidly evolve increased competitive ability. Furthermore, the results indicate the possibility of changes in glyphosate hormesis over time. These results highlight the importance of the role that rapid (i.e., subdecadal) evolution of growth traits might have on the sustainability of weed management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

竞争效应对红色型豌豆蚜繁殖的影响

为明确种间竞争和种内竞争效应对红色型豌豆蚜生长和繁殖产生的影响,本研究以红色豌豆蚜克隆、绿色型豌豆蚜克隆及豌豆修尾蚜克隆作为试验材料,选用琼脂法,首先制备4种竞争试验区(1头区,2头区,种内竞争区和种间竞争区),观察各试验区蚜虫的种群动态,另准备3个(红色型、绿色型及豌豆修尾蚜)高密度种群处理,分别往里放入1头4龄红色克隆若虫,统计其3日总产蚜数。结果发现,种内竞争区和种间竞争区,二者的竞争效应都非常明显,竞争区混合种群的增殖率高于2头区,种间竞争区红色克隆胜利组单头红色克隆第10天新生蚜数高于其他处理。此外,高密度的绿色克隆和豌豆修尾蚜种群均能抑制红色克隆的繁殖。因此,红色型豌豆蚜能通过评估竞争种和同伴的相对密度来控制繁殖,无论是种间竞争还是种内竞争均能影响其繁殖,且种间竞争可能加速它的繁殖速率。     

Analysis on Competition from the View of Law and Economics and the Inspiration

The establishment of the competition legal system is the response to the social and economical reality. The perfection of the competition legal system needs the support of economic theory. Therefore, analyzing the competition from the law and economic perspective is propitious to perfect the regulation of competition in the law system constantly, guarantee and promote competition, and thus to establish and maintain reasonable and efficient competition order, promote market-economy developing prosperously and harmoniously. The paper uses the study methods of economical and comparative analyze, explore the sorts of competition and their effectiveness, believe that the perfection of the competition legal system should firstly definite that its adjust object is the effective competition with monopoly factor; though the exemption of competition cant be avoid, it continuously appears shrinking trend. The competition legal system will play a more important role in the economical life.     

Application of Principal Component Analysis on Workable Competition Evaluation

The effective competition is an effective organizational form of the industry in modem market economy. It is a form accompanied with large - scale production and vigor competition. The analysis of effective competition has been the focus that people have paid close attention to it very much all the time. It is a basis of industrial policy, on the basis of the former research, the aufhors bring out 9 indexes according to the actual situation of our country, then take automobile trade as an example, we analyze the automobile trade with principal component.     

Past, present and future criteria to breed crops for water-limited environments in West Africa

Asia's Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has largely bypassed West Africa, and “modern” (high-yielding, input responsive) germplasm for staple crops has found comparatively little adoption, except for systems that are have good access to markets and sufficient water resources. It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful. The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice. In each of these cases, breeders, with the help of physiologists, have developed innovative plant-type concepts that combine improved yield potential and input responsiveness with specific traditional crop characteristics that remain essential during the agricultural transition. In the case of cowpea, dual-purpose varieties were developed that produce a good grain yield due to an erect plant habit, then produce new leaves enabling a second harvest of green foliage. For upland rice systems that are limited by labour (mainly needed to control weeds that abound due to shortened fallow periods), a weed competitive plant type was developed from Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima crosses. Lastly, sorghum breeders who had previously deselected photoperiod sensitivity are now re-inserting sensitivity into plants having “modern” architecture, in order to allow for flexible sowing dates while maintaining an agro-ecologically optimal time of flowering near the end of the wet season. The ecophysiological basis of these plant types, their place in current and future cropping systems, as well as the problem of under-funding for their realisation, are discussed.     

市场竞争与发展方略

分析新时期我国农机市场竞争的变化态势和农机企业在市场发展中的定位,提出我国农机化快速发展的成长期和结构调整、产业升级的转型期,推进发展方式转变可选择的发展战略.     

Crown development in young Picea abies stands

A dynamic model of branch length and weight growth was developed for two contrasting sites, both with young stands of spruce. At one site sample trees were obtained from both unfertilised plots and from plots with increased growth rate maintained by annual fertilisation. At the second site unfertilised trees and trees subject to single applications of fertiliser were modelled. A model of the same structure was developed for each site and tested by application at the alternate site. In view of the close agreement between sites, model parameters were calculated based on all data combined. The model is driven by height increment and branch age. The sample trees were mostly open grown so that only a tentative estimate of the effects of between tree competition is given. The limitations of the model are stressed.